What term is used to describe the encapsulation of computer programs from the OS on which they run?

The term that describes the encapsulation of computer programs from the operating system on which they run is known as Application Virtualization. This concept allows applications to be run in a virtual environment, enabling them to operate independently from the underlying hardware and operating system. By isolating the software from the OS, application virtualization helps enhance compatibility and simplifies deployment and management. This means that applications can be executed in a secure environment without being affected by system changes or conflicts with other applications.

In contrast, platform independence generally refers to the ability of software to run on multiple operating systems without modification. Operating system virtualization relates more to the creation of virtual machines that replicate an entire operating system rather than isolating specific applications. Service virtualization pertains to simulating the behavior of components in a service-oriented architecture, often for testing purposes. Thus, application virtualization specifically focuses on the encapsulation and independence of applications from the OS.