What legislation defines hacking related to "protected computers" that include financial records or government information?

The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 is significant legislation that makes it illegal to access a protected computer without authorization or to exceed authorized access. This act specifically addresses various types of computer crimes, including unauthorized access to financial records, government information, and other sensitive data stored on "protected computers." These protected computers are defined under the law as those used in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce or communication, which includes a large portion of financial systems and government databases.

The act was one of the first federal laws aimed at addressing problems related to computer security and fraud, laying the groundwork for many subsequent regulations and legal interpretations concerning cybersecurity and electronic crime. Its relevance in the context of hacking is vital because it criminalizes malicious actions that target the integrity and confidentiality of these protected systems, thus ensuring that sensitive information is safeguarded from unauthorized access or exploitation.