What does Non-Repudiation ensure regarding the sender of a message?

Non-repudiation is a critical concept in information security that ensures a sender cannot deny having sent a message. This is typically achieved through the use of cryptographic techniques, such as digital signatures, which provide proof of the origin and integrity of the message. When a sender uses their private key to sign a message, it binds their identity to that message, establishing that they are the one who sent it. This function is especially important in legal and financial contexts, where the ability to verify sender actions can prevent disputes over whether a message was actually sent or received.

This ensures accountability and traceability, reinforcing trust in digital communications and transactions. Thus, the correct choice reflects the role of non-repudiation in providing assurance that the sender cannot deny their involvement with the message, thereby solidifying the integrity of the communication process.